Which of the following is a cardiovascular age-related change?

Reduced stroke volume is a well-documented cardiovascular age-related change. As individuals age, the heart's ability to pump blood effectively can decline due to various factors, including changes in myocardial compliance, decreased contractility, and increased stiffness of the heart muscles and blood vessels. This reduced stroke volume means that during each heartbeat, less blood is ejected from the heart, which can lead to an overall decrease in cardiac output, particularly during physical exertion.

Understanding the implications of reduced stroke volume is crucial for managing the health of older adults, as it can contribute to symptoms of heart failure and reduced exercise tolerance. Lifestyle modifications, monitoring, and interventions may become necessary to address these changes and improve cardiovascular health in the aging population.